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Funke_Books_Atomic_Peace - Notes on scientic developments in the Eastern Bloc
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Notes on scientic developments in the Eastern Bloc
. (1887–1958)Archive of Austrian-born British chemist Dr. Friedrich Paneth pertaining to the Göttingen Manifesto, his statement (along with 17 other scientists) that forever shied West German politics and public opinion against nuclear weapons. Dr. Paneth fled the Nazis in 1933 because both of his parents were Jewish. He escaped to Britain and became a naturalized British citizen. Aer the war, Dr. Paneth returned to Germany. In 1953 he was appointed director of the famed Max Planck Institute for Chemistry; a position he held until his death.Today Germany is rmly anti-nuclear and anti-nuclear weapons. It is hard to imagine, but in the early 1950’s West Germany was a true believer in nuclear matters going so far as to establish the oce of Federal Minister of Atomic Matters, which famed conservative German politician Franz Josef Strauß (1915-1988) initially held. Strauß was also Defense Minister (starting in 1956) and was charged with building up the West German military. Konrad Adenauer was West Germany’s chancellor and a strong proponent of deterrent through nuclear armament. Adenauer and Strauß worked together closely to bring nuclear weapons to West Germany. Then, on April 12, 1957, Dr. Paneth together with 17 other scientists, published the Göttingen Manifesto. Commentators describe the Manifesto as the “birth hour” of Germany’s anti-atomic movement. Public opinion was overwhelmingly in support of the scientists. East Germany and the other Eastern Bloc countries mostly supported the 18 scientists. As a result, Germany’s conservative party initially claimed that Eastern Bloc spy agencies were influencing the discussion. Japanese scientists strongly supported the Göttingen Manifesto. America’s reaction was, at best, muted given its eorts to build up nuclear capabilities within NATO. Nobel peace prize laureate Albert Schweitzer (1875-1965) followed 11 days later with his famous “Declaration of Conscience” speech, which was a tipping point for worldwide sentiment against nuclear weapons. This Archive is Dr. Paneth’s original correspondence le pertaining to the Göttingen Manifesto. It is a vast collection of letters, articles, and speeches from a broad cross-section of “who’s who” in German society: authors, scientists, politicians, engineers, lobbying groups, and even a well-known astrologist wrote in support of Dr. Paneth’s eorts. There was also signicant international support, especially from Japanese nuclear scientists. In German, except for international correspondence, which is in English. Price: $7,500 Letters from the Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime “ [ ]The undersigned nuclear researchers are deeply concerned with the plans to equip the Bundeswehr with nuclear weapons. Some of us have raised our concerns a few months ago with the appropriate federal minister. Today the debate on this question has become general knowledge. The undersigned therefore feel the requirement to speak up about facts known to experts, but which seem to be inadequately known to the public.1) Tactical nuclear weapons have the same destructive eect as normal atomic bombs. They are “tactical” only insofar as they are applied not only to civilian residences, but also to ground troops. Every single tactical nuclear weapon has a similar eect to the rst atom bomb which destroyed Hiroshima. Since tactical nuclear weapons are available in signicant numbers their destructive eect is on the whole much larger. They are only “small” in comparison to recently developed bombs, principally the hydrogen bomb.2) There is no natural limit for the development of life-threatening eects of strategic nuclear weapons. Today a tactical nuclear weapon can destroy a small city, and a hydrogen bomb can render an entire region such as the Ruhr Valley uninhabitable. Already today, one can probably wipe out the entire population of West Germany with the radioactivity from H-bombs. We know of no technical means to protect a large population from this threat.We realize how dicult it is to foresee the political consequences of these facts. Since we are apolitical, no one expects us to do so. Our profession, i.e. pure science and its application, through which we bring many young peo-ple into our fold, leaves us with the responsibility for the potential eects of these actions. Therefore we cannot remain silent to all political issues. We align ourselves with the freedom that the Western world represents against Communism. We cannot deny the fear of the H-bomb contributes to the maintenance of peace in the whole world, and freedom in part of the world. However this form of peace and freedom is in the long term untenable, and the collapse of this situation is potentially deadly. We have no expertise to make concrete political suggestions to the Superpowers. We believe that a small country such as West Germany is best protected, and world peace most assisted when nuclear weapons of any type are banned. In any case, none of the undersigned are prepared to participate in the creation, testing or deployment of any type of nuclear weapon. At the same time we feel it is extremely important that we continue to work together on the peaceful development of nuclear energy.”Fritz BoppMax BornRudolf FleischmannWalther GerlachOtto HahnOtto HaxelWerner HeisenbergHans KopfermannMax v. LaueHeinz Maier-LeibnitzJosef MattauchFriedrich-Adolf PanethWolfgang PaulWolfgang RiezlerFritz StraßmannWilhelm WalcherCarl Friedrich Frhr. v. WeizsäckerKarl Wirtz
Contents of the Paneth Archive , ,
Japan council against A & H-BombsJapanese physicist critical of U.S. Reports ()
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